The earliest air temperature readings using measuring instruments were carried out in Italy. The world's first network of weather stations which took measurements based on a uniform set of rules was created there in 1654 and became known as the Florentine network. It included 11 locations, seven in Italy, as well as ones in Paris, Osnabrück, Innsbruck, and Warsaw. Measurements were taken several times a day, at identical times, using two thermometers (one facing the north, the other facing the south). Although the Florentine network was active only until 1667, it led to the development of instrumental measurements of air temperature and was crucial for introducing objectivity to meteorological observations. By the 18th century, standardized measurements of temperature were being taken in at least 55 cities across Europe.

Find out more about the exhibition ”The Cold Days Are Over”: https://muzeumwoli.muzeumwarszawy.pl/en/wystawa/warsaw-under-construction-15-the-cold-days-are-over/

The WARSAW UNDER CONSTRUCTION Festival was established at the Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw in 2009. It addresses design issues in the broadest possible sense: from industrial design, applied graphics, through architecture and urban planning to social design.