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Welcome to a journey into human history. This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story. You may be asking yourself what is history? Is it simply a record...
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Welcome to a journey into human history. This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story. You may be asking yourself what is history? Is it simply a record of things people have done? Is it what writer Maya Angelou suggested—a way to meet the pain of the past and overcome it? Or is it, as Winston Churchill said, a chronicle by the victors, an interpretation by those who write it? History is all this and more. Above all else, it is a path to knowing why we are the way we are—all our greatness, all our faults—and therefore a means for us to understand ourselves and change for the better. But history serves this function only if it is a true reflection of the past. It cannot be a way to mask the darker parts of human nature, nor a way to justify acts of previous generations. It is the historian’s task to paint as clear a picture as sources will allow. Will history ever be a perfect telling of the human tale? No. There are voices we may never hear. Yet each new history book written and each new source uncovered reveal an ever more precise record of events around the world. You are about to take a journey into human history. The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. For more information please review the links and resources in the description. Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a creative common sense production.
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A Journey into Human History
A Journey into Human History
Crossing the Atlantic
26 JUL. 2024 · With the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, Europeans found themselves forced to deal with Muslim middlemen to access the prized goods of South and East Asia. European countries thus began seeking an all-water route to the eastern lands they called the Indies, aided by navigational technologies from the Middle East and motivated by religious zeal and desire for profit. The Portuguese were the first to explore the Atlantic, claiming islands off the coast of Africa and voyaging down its western shore. In 1488, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
The Spanish monarchs Isabella I of Castille and Ferdinand II of Aragon financed the voyages of Christopher Columbus, who landed in the Caribbean in 1492 believing it was part of the Indies. He did not find great wealth there, but Spanish exploration continued. Hernán Cortés conquered the wealthy Aztec Empire in Mexico and Francisco Pizarro the silver-rich Inca Empire in Peru.
To protect their respective interests, in 1494 Spain and Portugal negotiated the Treaty of Tordesillas, which drew a line through the Atlantic awarding the Americas, with the exception of Brazil, to Spain. Animals, foods, and other resources flowed in both directions along the Columbian Exchange, forever altering the culture and economies of North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Diseases also traveled west with the Europeans and wiped out as much as 95 percent of the Indigenous peoples in the Western Hemisphere. Both Europeans and Indigenous peoples had developed rich, diverse, and vastly different cultures, societies, and religions prior to contact.
All images referenced in this podcast can be found at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/5-2-crossing-the-atlantic
Welcome to A Journey into Human History.
This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story.
The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/1-introduction
Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a Creative Common Sense production.
The Protestant Reformation
24 JUL. 2024 · In the sixteenth century, many European Christians were critical of practices within the Catholic Church. Some scholars in northern Europe had turned to Christian humanism as a means of making people more pious and thus achieving religious reform. Martin Luther, a German monk, began the Protestant Reformation when he publicly objected to the church’s sale of indulgences. Luther was excommunicated, but the printing press enabled his ideas to spread throughout Europe. Luther taught that faith alone was needed for salvation and that scripture was the only source of Christian authority.
Luther’s ideas became popular among many, including Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin in Switzerland. Followers of John Calvin, called Calvinists, spread his teachings to the Netherlands, Scotland, France, and England. A variety of Anabaptist churches were also established that rejected infant baptism. In England, Henry VIII rejected the pope’s authority after the pope refused to grant him an annulment. As Protestantism gained adherents, religious wars erupted throughout Europe. The Council of Trent, called by the Roman Catholic Church in 1545, reaffirmed some aspects of church doctrine while also passing reforms that attempted to eliminate some of the problems that led to the Reformation. Wars over religion continued for many years.
All images referenced in this podcast can be found at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/5-1-the-protestant-reformation
Welcome to A Journey into Human History.
This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story.
The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/1-introduction
Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a Creative Common Sense production.
The Safavid Empire
22 JUL. 2024 · The establishment of the Safavid state under Shah Ismail I in 1501 was followed by rapid territorial expansion, but conflict between factions of the Qizilbash military corps allowed the Ottoman and Uzbek empires to take advantage and capture territory. Shahs Tahmasp and Abbas I created a corps of enslaved people from the Caucasus to serve as their new elite military force and eventually replace the Qizilbash.
The Safavid shahs were committed to Shi‘ite Islam and forcibly converted the Sunni Muslims in their territories. They were generally more tolerant of non-Muslims, particularly those who did not live in the Caucasus or along the border with the Ottoman Empire. But the Safavids’ militance and their intolerance of Sunnis heightened tensions between Sunnis and Shia throughout the Muslim world, a rift still apparent today. The stability of the Safavids’ political system allowed for a flourishing of art, however, as exemplified in miniature painting, ceramics, and royal architecture. After Abbas, the growing power of Russia and other neighboring kingdoms led to a weakened Safavid state, which came to an end when Nader Shah of the Afsharid dynasty crowned himself shah in 1736.
All images referenced in this podcast can be found at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/4-3-the-safavid-empire
Welcome to A Journey into Human History.
This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story.
The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/1-introduction
Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a Creative Common Sense production.
The Ottoman Empire
19 JUL. 2024 · The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was one of the most diverse political entities of its time. Sultans such as Suleiman I encouraged people of all ethnicities to settle there, and under the millet system, each religious community had its own leader, regulated its own affairs, and educated its own children. This diversity is reflected in the languages spoken in the empire. Turkish was for interacting with the government, Arabic for scholarship and in religious settings, and Persian for literature.
The empire reached its greatest heights under Suleiman I, known in the West as “the Magnificent” and among Ottomans as “the lawgiver” for his creation of a legal code that applied throughout the realm. Under Suleiman and his successors, science flourished, and important advances were made in fields such as astronomy and medicine. The Ottoman Empire began to decline in power following the defeat of its forces by European navies at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. In the seventeenth century, the Ottomans found their power being eclipsed by that of Russia in the Black Sea region.
All images referenced in this podcast can be found at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/4-2-the-ottoman-empire
Welcome to A Journey into Human History.
This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story.
The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/1-introduction
Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a Creative Common Sense production.
A Connected Islamic World
17 JUL. 2024 · By the sixteenth century, the religion of Islam had spread far beyond its point of origin in Southwest Asia. Islamic communities, large empires, and a number of Islamic kingdoms thrived in West and East Africa, southeastern Europe, India, and Southeast Asia. But although no single powerful caliphate held all these areas together, the religion of Islam allowed for a degree of cohesiveness and unity, despite theological disagreements. As a result, trade in all types of goods unified the wider Islamic world, flowing along numerous trade routes and through markets overseen by Muslim market inspectors. Local states encouraged trade through their territories because it brought them economic benefits and access to new ideas and technologies. This trade often occurred with the cooperation of the many non-Muslim communities that lived in the Islamic world, such as Jewish people and Christians.
In addition to goods and people, trade routes also carried ideas, knowledge, and technologies that also served as a cohesive force. Some led to improvements in mapmaking and navigation. Others had military applications, such as new firearms and artillery. These weapons provided advantages to some of the large Islamic empires of the era, like the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals.
All images referenced in this podcast can be found at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/4-1-a-connected-islamic-world
Welcome to A Journey into Human History.
This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story.
The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/1-introduction
Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a Creative Common Sense production.
The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade
24 NOV. 2023 · Kanem-Bornu, which dominated Central Sudan and maintained an active caravan trade with the states of North Africa in the thirteenth century, was destabilized by revolts and rebellions in the fourteenth century. Although it regained preeminence in the sixteenth century, by the end of that century, its power was at an end. The collapse of both Songhai and Kanem-Bornu allowed emergent polities like Dahomey, Oyo, and Segou to flourish, but tensions soon arose among them as competition for trade escalated. As warfare became commonplace, trans-Saharan trade was severely disrupted.
At the same time, European powers such as Portugal began making steady inroads into African trade, establishing trading posts along the coasts in regions like Whydah. By the eighteenth century, the European demand for enslaved captives and the desire of African chiefs to exploit opportunities for financial gain reoriented trans-Saharan trade away from traditional markets, such as those along the Mediterranean coast, to coastal West Africa, with new emphasis on the acquisition and transport of captives. Many of the coastal states became little more than arteries through which passed the caravans of captives destined for the markets of European slavers.
All images referenced in this podcast can be found at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/3-4-the-trans-saharan-slave-trade
Welcome to A Journey into Human History.
This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story.
The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/1-introduction
Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a Creative Common Sense production.
The Swahili Coast
22 NOV. 2023 · City-states on the east coast of Africa grew in size and prosperity as they took advantage of wind patterns to participate in Indian Ocean trade. Their people were united by a shared religion, Islam, and a shared language, Swahili. Products from the interior of the African continent were sold by the Swahili traders to merchants from Arabia, Persia, and India. In exchange, they purchased goods from India, Southeast Asia, and China. Enslaved Africans were also sold in the Swahili city-states.
The most powerful of the states was Kilwa, which had grown wealthy through its control of the gold-rich city of Sofala. When the Portuguese arrived in the late fifteenth century, they attempted to leverage the cities’ discontent with Kilwa’s dominance to gain control of the region’s trade, but a Somali-Ottoman alliance and the Omani Sultanate ultimately drove them from all the city-states except Mozambique.
All images referenced in this podcast can be found at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/3-3-the-swahili-coast
Welcome to A Journey into Human History.
This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story.
The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/1-introduction
Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a Creative Common Sense production.
The Songhai Empire
20 NOV. 2023 · The basis of the Songhai Empire’s wealth was much the same as for the kingdoms that preceded it: salt, cloth, and gold. Sunni Ali’s program of annexation greatly expanded Songhai. Growth continued under his successors, especially Askia the Great, who used Islam to further his control and brought Songhai into its golden age. Not only did its rulers consolidate state control over trans-Saharan trade, but they also made the empire an unparalleled center of Islamic learning and study in West Africa. The great cities of Timbuktu and Djenné drew merchants and traders engaged in the caravan trade from across Africa, while their grand mosques and schools made them magnets for pilgrims and scholars from across the Islamic world. Askia the Great’s successors could not maintain control of the empire, however, and in the sixteenth century, Songhai was defeated by Saadi forces from Morocco seeking to gain control of the trans-Saharan caravan routes.
All images referenced in this podcast can be found at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/3-2-the-songhai-empire
Welcome to A Journey into Human History.
This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story.
The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/1-introduction
Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a Creative Common Sense production.
The Roots of African Trade
17 NOV. 2023 · Until the sixteenth century, caravans routinely plied the sands of the Sahara, moving goods, especially gold, from distant West Africa to centers of trade in North Africa and Egypt. Towns in West Africa became cosmopolitan stopping points, and as merchants, rulers, and caravan leaders converted to Islam for both spiritual and financial reasons, Islam flourished alongside the caravan business. In the thirteenth century, Sundiata Keita gained dominance over the Malinke and Soninke people, establishing the Malian Empire. Mali’s control of the Bure goldfields enabled it to prosper, and cities such as Timbuktu and Djenné became centers of Islamic scholarship. The empire grew weaker following the death of Mansa Musa. It was unable to withstand raids by the Mossi and Tuareg nomads or revolts by some of its subject cities. Although the rulers of Mali were able to negotiate peace terms with Portuguese slave traders in the mid-fifteenth century, they were unable to retain such vital trade centers as Gao, Timbuktu, and Djenné.
All images referenced in this podcast can be found at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/3-1-the-roots-of-african-trade
Welcome to A Journey into Human History.
his podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story.
The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/1-introduction
Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a Creative Common Sense production.
Exchange in East Asia
15 NOV. 2023 · East Asia was drawn into the network of global maritime trade in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Portuguese and Spanish arrived in Japan when powerful daimyos were each fighting to unify the country and bring it under their rule. Guns brought by Europeans began to play an important role in Japanese warfare. Many Japanese also began to convert to Christianity. In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu became the shogun of a united Japan, and wishing to control the samurai and fearing Christian subjects would not be loyal, he prohibited Christianity, banned the entry of the Portuguese and Spanish, and prohibited Japanese from leaving the country except on government missions.
Following the expulsion of the Mongols, China also turned inward. The first Ming emperor, Hongwu, forbade foreign trade. Needing money, however, the government permitted trade with Europeans in the second half of the sixteenth century. Trade brought prosperity for Chinese farmers, artisans, and merchants, though changes in their lifestyle alarmed conservatives. However, famines, floods, and the inability of the Ming government to solve China’s problems led to the dynasty’s overthrow in 1644. The Manchu Qing dynasty attempted to reassert traditional Confucian values while still trading with Europe.
Korea’s Joseon dynasty, a vassal of China, also tried to structure its society on a Confucian model. The seventeenth-century Silhak movement in Korea advocated the study of science and technology in order to solve social problems.
All images referenced in this podcast can be found at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/2-3-exchange-in-east-asia
Welcome to A Journey into Human History.
This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story.
The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-1/pages/1-introduction
Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a Creative Common Sense production.
Welcome to a journey into human history. This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story. You may be asking yourself what is history? Is it simply a record...
mostra más
Welcome to a journey into human history. This podcast will attempt to tell the whole human story. You may be asking yourself what is history? Is it simply a record of things people have done? Is it what writer Maya Angelou suggested—a way to meet the pain of the past and overcome it? Or is it, as Winston Churchill said, a chronicle by the victors, an interpretation by those who write it? History is all this and more. Above all else, it is a path to knowing why we are the way we are—all our greatness, all our faults—and therefore a means for us to understand ourselves and change for the better. But history serves this function only if it is a true reflection of the past. It cannot be a way to mask the darker parts of human nature, nor a way to justify acts of previous generations. It is the historian’s task to paint as clear a picture as sources will allow. Will history ever be a perfect telling of the human tale? No. There are voices we may never hear. Yet each new history book written and each new source uncovered reveal an ever more precise record of events around the world. You are about to take a journey into human history. The content contained in this podcast was produced by OpenStax and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. For more information please review the links and resources in the description. Podcast produced by Miranda Casturo as a creative common sense production.
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Información
| Autor | Miranda Casturo |
| Organización | Miranda Casturo |
| Categorías | Historia |
| Página web | - |
| bmcasturo@mix.wvu.edu |
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